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2008-04-20 | 图片处理--tangdl2000的个人经验
目前越来越多的国内外期刊在其投稿指南中对图片采集和处理（Image acquisition and manipulation）进行了具体的要求（参见附件1），允许对图片进行适当的处理和加工。
图片处理的原则和目的：总的原则是（1）保证图片信息的真实；（2）不丢失重要的图片信息；（3）不模糊或者颠倒原图传递的信息。因此对图片处理要谨慎，要求处理后的新图与原图在信息传递上应该保证高度一致性。同时，我们应该看到对图片进行适当处理又是必须的，因为原图在图片大小、图片分辨率、以及图片模式等参数上与期刊的要求往往不一致。因此，图片处理的目的是为了满足期刊对图片发表的要求，让图片更加简洁，美观和易理解。
图片处理的常见错误：（1）原图缺少备份，处理导致原图信息不可逆转的丢失。因此，一定要妥善存储好记载第一手信息的原图。（2）不恰当去除图片背景，包括完全去除背景、更换背景、或者去除一些重要的局部背景信息，例如噪音信号等。（3）使局部选择部分更清晰或者模糊。期刊允许对整个图片的对比度，亮度以及色彩平衡进行适当调整。（4）移花接木，例如将其他图片上的内容移到另一张图片上。（5）没有任何标记的拼接。期刊要求作者使用间隔或者线条等形式来区分拼接的图片。
常见图片处理形式：（1）改变图片大小，包括图片的尺寸以及像素的大小。（2）裁减图片。（3）改变图片格式。（4）改变图片模式。（5）调整图片明暗度。（6）调整图片色彩和色调。（7）对图片加框和加文字。（8）版面调整。
总之，图片处理是一件繁琐而有意义的工作，要求处理者掌握图片的一些基本知识，例如图片的格式，图片的各项参数的意义等。同时要求处理者熟练使用各种图片处理软件，例如功能相对简单的office，功能强大的Photoshop、Illustrator软件等。不恰当的图片处理可能导致实验结果的可信度下降，恰当的图片处理让你的实验发现更快速，准确的通过期刊或者会议传播到整个世界。
附件1：《Jornal of cell biology》2006年投稿指南有关图片采集和处理的要求：
Image acquisition and manipulation. The following information must be provided about the acquisition and processing of images:
1. Make and model of microscope
2. Type, magnification, and numerical aperture of the objective lenses
3. Temperature
4. Imaging medium
5. Fluorochromes
6. Camera make and model
7. Acquisition software
8. Any subsequent software used for image processing, with details about types of operations involved (e.g., type of deconvolution, 3D reconstructions, surface or volume rendering, gamma adjustments, etc.).
No specific feature within an image may be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed, or introduced. The grouping of images from different parts of the same gel, or from different gels, fields, or exposures must be made explicit by the arrangement of the figure (i.e., using dividing lines) and in the text of the figure legend. If dividing lines are not included, they will be added by our production department, and this may result in production delays. Adjustments of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable if they are applied to the whole image and as long as they do not obscure, eliminate, or misrepresent any information present in the original, including backgrounds. Without any background information, it is not possible to see exactly how much of the original gel is actually shown. Non-linear adjustments (e.g., changes to gamma settings) must be disclosed in the figure legend. All digital images in manuscripts accepted for publication will be scrutinized by our production department for any indication of improper manipulation. Questions raised by the production department will be referred to the Editors, who will request the original data from the authors for comparison to the prepared figures. If the original data cannot be produced, the acceptance of the manuscript may be revoked. Cases of deliberate misrepresentation of data will result in revocation of acceptance, and will be reported to the corresponding author's home institution or funding agency.
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